Rotherham (/ˈrɒðərəm/ ^ⓘ RODH-ər-əm)^[1] is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham. Rotherham is named after the River Rother, one of two major rivers (the other being the River Don) to flow through the town.

Before the Industrial Revolution, traditional industries included farming, glass making and flour milling. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Rotherham became known for its coal mining and, later, steel industries.

The town's historic county is Yorkshire, and Rotherham once formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire administrative county. In 1974, this administrative county was abolished during a reorganisation of local government.^[2] Subsequently, Rotherham became part of the county of South Yorkshire, where it makes up one of four metropolitan boroughs.

The town had a population of 109,691 in the 2011 census. The borough had a 2021 population of 266,183, the 64th most populous district in England.